Editing Causes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
The edit can be undone. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, and then save the changes below to finish undoing the edit.
Latest revision | Your text | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | Several types of source can cause [[rhinosinusitis]] | + | Several types of source can cause [[rhinosinusitis]]. The problems can last only a short time, termed ''acute rhinosinusitis'', or they can last for months of even years, called ''chronic rhinosinusitis''. Different causes are susceptible to different [[treatments]]. |
− | |||
− | |||
==Environmental== | ==Environmental== | ||
Line 8: | Line 6: | ||
The environment contains extensive sources of nose and sinus irritants. Some of these can form ''biofilms'', protective meshes that prevent the pathogens from being destroyed. | The environment contains extensive sources of nose and sinus irritants. Some of these can form ''biofilms'', protective meshes that prevent the pathogens from being destroyed. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
* Viruses such as the common cold do not respond to antibacterial therapy. They usually result only in acute rhinosinusitis, however complications can lead to chronic [[rhinosinusitis]]. | * Viruses such as the common cold do not respond to antibacterial therapy. They usually result only in acute rhinosinusitis, however complications can lead to chronic [[rhinosinusitis]]. | ||
* Bacteria can cause sinus symptoms. Particularly implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis is ''Staphylococcus aureus'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251963/]. Bacteria can be treated with antibacterial agents. | * Bacteria can cause sinus symptoms. Particularly implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis is ''Staphylococcus aureus'' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251963/]. Bacteria can be treated with antibacterial agents. | ||
* Molds. | * Molds. | ||
− | * Allergens cause temporary swelling of the nose and sinuses. These can be relieved with antihistamines. | + | * Allergens cause temporary swelling of the nose and sinuses. These can be relieved with antihistamines. |
** Dust. | ** Dust. | ||
− | |||
** Pollen. | ** Pollen. | ||
− | ** | + | ** Foods. Common food allergies that can induce rhinosinusitis include dairy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, and other grains. An elimination diet, in which the person eats a simple diet, can reveal possible allergens. |
− | + | * Substances in food could contribute to rhinosinusitis. | |
− | |||
** Alcohol can potentially aggravate sinus issues. | ** Alcohol can potentially aggravate sinus issues. | ||
** Preservatives and other additives are believed by some people to affect sinuses. | ** Preservatives and other additives are believed by some people to affect sinuses. | ||
− | + | * Weather can cause serious sinus issues. In particular, extremely high or low humidity and extremely cold or hot weather can cause problems. Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, such as before a storm, can also aggravate problems. | |
− | + | ** High temperature, and dew point could contribute to sinus symptoms. | |
− | + | ** Low visibility could indicate weather conducive to sinus symptoms. | |
− | Weather | + | ** High wind could rapidly introduce different weather conditions, affecting sinus symptoms. |
− | + | ** The relationships between weather and sinus symptoms can be quite complex. At times, a weather component can track strongly ''with'' symptoms, at other times strongly ''against''. | |
− | * High temperature, and dew point could contribute to sinus symptoms. | ||
− | * Low visibility could indicate weather conducive to sinus symptoms. | ||
− | * High wind could rapidly introduce different weather conditions, affecting sinus symptoms | ||
− | * The relationships between weather and sinus symptoms can be quite complex. At times, a weather component can track strongly ''with'' symptoms, at other times strongly ''against''. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
* Time of day. | * Time of day. | ||
** Sinus symptoms can improve or worsen throughout the day. This can depend on weather, alertness, and other factors. Symptoms often systematically reflect the time of day. | ** Sinus symptoms can improve or worsen throughout the day. This can depend on weather, alertness, and other factors. Symptoms often systematically reflect the time of day. | ||
Line 53: | Line 36: | ||
[[File:Female human evolution 2.png|thumb|Humans evolved such that an upright posture and a large forebrain apply unusual pressures on the sinuses.]] | [[File:Female human evolution 2.png|thumb|Humans evolved such that an upright posture and a large forebrain apply unusual pressures on the sinuses.]] | ||
− | People are born with a set of genetic coding that can predispose | + | People are born with a set of genetic coding that can predispose the person towards rhinosinusitis. Additional biological developments throughout the course of life can cause sinus issues. |
Humans evolved such that an upright posture and a large forebrain apply unusual pressures on the sinuses. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266099/] This development may have happened too fast for the sinuses to rebalance appropriately, explaining the large number and severity of sinus issues. | Humans evolved such that an upright posture and a large forebrain apply unusual pressures on the sinuses. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266099/] This development may have happened too fast for the sinuses to rebalance appropriately, explaining the large number and severity of sinus issues. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
Traditionally, blockage of maxillary ostia (sinus openings into the nose) have been seen as leading to congestion and sinusitis. The maxillary ostia are located high up the sinuses, preventing gravity from clearing the sinuses, and requiring the cilia (clearing hairs) to do more work. This results in less effective clearance. More recent research has found that blockage of the nostrils can also lead to sinusitis. As air flows more freely through the nose and sinuses, it assists in clearing mucus. | Traditionally, blockage of maxillary ostia (sinus openings into the nose) have been seen as leading to congestion and sinusitis. The maxillary ostia are located high up the sinuses, preventing gravity from clearing the sinuses, and requiring the cilia (clearing hairs) to do more work. This results in less effective clearance. More recent research has found that blockage of the nostrils can also lead to sinusitis. As air flows more freely through the nose and sinuses, it assists in clearing mucus. | ||
Line 66: | Line 45: | ||
<blockquote>Complex microbial communities have co-evolved with our species. At any one time, an individual can host 10 to 100 trillion microorganisms, outnumbering human cells by at least a factor of 10. Bacterial communities have been demonstrated on the mucosa of the entire respiratory tract, with the highest concentrations being found in the upper respiratory tract... There is some recent evidence that mucosal inflammation in the paranasal sinuses is associated with a decreased diversity of the local bacterial communities. Particular microbial species known as “keystone species” may have an exceptionally large impact on the ecosystem's function and health. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251963/]</blockquote> | <blockquote>Complex microbial communities have co-evolved with our species. At any one time, an individual can host 10 to 100 trillion microorganisms, outnumbering human cells by at least a factor of 10. Bacterial communities have been demonstrated on the mucosa of the entire respiratory tract, with the highest concentrations being found in the upper respiratory tract... There is some recent evidence that mucosal inflammation in the paranasal sinuses is associated with a decreased diversity of the local bacterial communities. Particular microbial species known as “keystone species” may have an exceptionally large impact on the ecosystem's function and health. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251963/]</blockquote> | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
===Endotyping=== | ===Endotyping=== | ||
Line 81: | Line 50: | ||
New research investigates the specific biological mechanisms underlying cases of chronic rhinosinustis. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27393777] This process of ''endotyping'' includes particular molecules and cells, such as T helper cells. | New research investigates the specific biological mechanisms underlying cases of chronic rhinosinustis. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27393777] This process of ''endotyping'' includes particular molecules and cells, such as T helper cells. | ||
− | <blockquote>Experts agree that the elevation of these inflammatory endpoints may be the result of maladaptive immune signaling, triggered | + | <blockquote>Experts agree that the elevation of these inflammatory endpoints may be the result of maladaptive immune signaling, triggered by impaired mucociliary function and epithelial cell barrier breakdown. [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204709]</blockquote> |
<blockquote>CRS is due to dysregulated immunologic responses to external stimuli, which induces inflammatory mediators. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30507689]</blockquote> | <blockquote>CRS is due to dysregulated immunologic responses to external stimuli, which induces inflammatory mediators. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30507689]</blockquote> |